Learning Outcomes:
- Name, describe, and identify the functions of the parts of the body.
- Describe how the parts of our body work together.

⁣The ear is a sensitive organ of the human body. It is mainly concerned with detecting, transmitting and transducing sound.

⁣
Most soil contains three types of particles: sand, silt, and clay. These different types of particles create different types of soil. Sandy soil is made mostly of sand particles.

⁣The key difference between regular and irregular nouns is that regular nouns are nouns that can be converted into their plural form by simply adding “-s” and “-es” to their end, whereas irregular nouns are nouns that do not follow a standard rule in converting plurals.

⁣In "word analysis" or "word study," students break words down into morphemes, their smallest units of meaning. Each morpheme has a meaning that contributes to the whole word. Students' knowledge of morphemes helps them to identify the meaning of words and builds their vocabulary.

⁣The environment is everything around us. All our surroundings including the air, soil, water, plants, and animals make up the environment. Plants and animals need a healthy environment to survive. An ecosystem is an area where living organisms interact in a specific way with the local environment to survive.

⁣Cash



Definition: The
actual money a business has on hand or in its bank accounts.

Purpose:
Represents the liquidity available to the business for immediate use.

Focus: Measures
cash flow (money coming in and going out).

Key
Document: Recorded in the cash flow statement.


Examples:



Receiving
$5,000 from customers as payment for sales.

Paying
$1,000 in rent or salaries.

A loan of
$10,000 from the bank (increases cash but is not profit).








Profit



Definition: The
surplus remaining after all expenses are deducted from revenue.

Purpose:
Indicates how much the business earned over a period, not how much
money it physically has.

Focus: Measures
profitability (whether the business is making or losing money).

Key
Document: Recorded in the income statement.


Examples:



Revenue
from sales: $10,000

Expenses:
$7,000



Profit =
$10,000 - $7,000 = $3,000 (even if no cash was collected).









Key Differences





Aspect



Cash



Profit





What it shows



Money
available now



Earnings
after expenses





Timing



Immediate or
short-term



Over a
specific period





Document



Cash flow
statement



Income
statement





Loan impact



Adds cash,
but not profit



Not part of
profit





Credit sales



No immediate
cash inflow



Counted as
revenue and affects profit










Example to Illustrate the Difference

Imagine a business:



It sells
goods worth $10,000 on credit (customers promise to pay later).



Profit: $10,000
- $7,000 (expenses) = $3,000 profit.

Cash: $0,
because the money hasn’t been collected yet.


It takes a
loan of $5,000.



Cash: +$5,000
available.

Profit:
Unchanged because loans aren’t revenue.









Analogy

Think of cash as the money in your wallet, available for
immediate spending.

Think of profit as the money you earned after expenses, even if part of
it is still owed to you.

A business can have cash but no profit (e.g., from a loan) or profit
but no cash (e.g., from credit sales).

⁣A WORD or NAME formed from the letters, usually the first letters, of several other words: BBC from British Broadcasting Corporation, NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is a kind of ABBREVIATION, with two forms: the INITIALISM (BBC pronounced 'bee-bee-cee'); the ACRONYM (NATO, pronounced 'Nay-toe').

⁣The past participles of regular verbs are typically formed by adding the suffix “-ed” (or “-d” if the word already ends in “e”). The past participle of a regular verb is identical to its past simple form (e.g., “canceled” and “canceled”).

Learn about liquids, one of the three states of matter. Enjoy watching different experiments and learn about the properties of liquids.
<br>
<br>Explore how liquids can be measured. Learn about objects that sink and float in water.
<br>
<br>Watch this video in Urdu here,

⁣Grade 10 Mathematics

Epistemological Standpoints in Education Research
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that studies knowledge—its nature, origin, limits, and validity. When something is described as epistemological, it refers to anything related to the study or theory of knowledge.
Key Concepts in Epistemology:
1. What is Knowledge?
o Philosophers typically define knowledge as justified true belief. For someone to "know" something:
 The belief must be true.
 The person must have justification (evidence or reason) for believing it.
2. Sources of Knowledge:
o Epistemology explores where knowledge comes from:
 Perception: Knowledge through the senses (e.g., seeing, hearing).
 Reason: Knowledge derived from logical thinking.
 Introspection: Knowledge of one’s own thoughts and feelings.
 Testimony: Knowledge gained from others' experiences or communication.
3. Types of Knowledge:
o A priori knowledge: Knowledge gained independently of experience (e.g., mathematics).
o A posteriori knowledge: Knowledge dependent on experience (e.g., scientific observations).
4. Key Questions in Epistemology:
o What can we know?
o How do we know it?
o Can we trust our perceptions or reasoning?
o What distinguishes knowledge from opinion or belief?
5. Challenges in Epistemology:
o Skepticism: Doubts about whether knowledge is possible at all.
o Relativism: The idea that knowledge and truth depend on cultural, societal, or personal perspectives.
________________________________________
Practical Example:
• If you read a scientific study claiming a new treatment is effective, an epistemological inquiry would ask:
o How do the researchers know the treatment works?
o What evidence supports this knowledge?
o Is the study reliable and justified?

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⁣Arms: Stand up straight with one arm relaxed, and find the midpoint between the shoulder bone and the elbow of that arm. Calves: Measure halfway between the knee and the ankle. Chest: Stand with your feet together and torso straight, and find the widest part around your bust.

⁣An anagram is a literary device where the letters that make up a word, phrase, or name are rearranged to create new ones. The original word or phrase is the subject of the anagram, the anagram is what is created by repurposing those letters.

⁣Stage 1: Egg. Stage 2: Tadpole. Stage 3: Froglet (young frog) Stage 4: Adult frog.

⁣Those kinds include: sunny, rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, stormy, foggy, humid, and so on. As we discussed before, there are some other critical weather conditions, such as Tornadoes, Thunderstorms, Hurricanes, Typhoons, Droughts, Blizzards, Winter Storm, Thundersnow, wildfire, Sand-storms, etc.

Topics Covered:

• Types of verbs
• Main verbs
• Action verbs
• Transitive verbs
• Intransitive verbs
• Dynamic verbs
• Stative verb
• Linking verbs
• Auxiliary verbs
• Helping verbs
• Primary auxiliaries
• Modal auxiliaries

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⁣Suffixes are letters added to the end of a base word to change its conjugation, word type, or other grammar properties like plurality. For example, take the noun strength: You can add the suffix –s to make it plural (strengths) or the suffix –en to change it into a verb (strengthen).

⁣Script writing (or screenwriting) is the process of writing stories in the screenplay medium. Script writing is writing down the movement, actions, expression and dialogue of the characters in screenplay, in screenplay format. The process of writing a novel, a poem, or essay, is entirely different than script writing.